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    "# Hypothesis Testing\n",
    "\n",
    "This chapter develops inferential thinking through hypothesis tests. You will compare observed evidence with chance models and translate statistical results into cautious management decisions.\n"
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    "<h2>Chapter Video</h2>\n",
    "\n",
    "<iframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/bf3egy7TQ2Q\" title=\"How P-Values Help Us Test Hypotheses: Crash Course Statistics #21\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\"></iframe>\n",
    "\n",
    "<div class=\"video-credit\">\n",
    "<p><strong>Video credit:</strong> CrashCourse. (2018, June 27). <em>How P-Values Help Us Test Hypotheses: Crash Course Statistics #21</em>. YouTube. <a href=\"https://youtube.com/watch?v=bf3egy7TQ2Q\">Watch on YouTube</a>.</p>\n",
    "<p class=\"video-rights\">This embedded video is provided for educational reference only. All rights are retained by the respective copyright holder.</p>\n",
    "</div>\n"
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    "<h2>Learning Objectives</h2>\n",
    "\n",
    "By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:\n",
    "\n",
    "1. State null and alternative hypotheses for a data question.\n",
    "2. Choose a test statistic that measures the relevant difference.\n",
    "3. Use simulation or probability to approximate a null distribution.\n",
    "4. Interpret p-values as evidence against a chance model.\n",
    "5. Make decisions while separating statistical evidence from practical importance.\n"
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    "<h2>Chapter Flow</h2>\n",
    "\n",
    "```{div} chapter-flow\n",
    "{doc}`Assessing Model 1 <0901-assess-model-1>`\n",
    "\n",
    "{doc}`Assessing Model 2 <0902-assess-model-2>`\n",
    "\n",
    "{doc}`Hypotheses and p-Value <0903-decisions-uncertainty>`\n",
    "```\n"
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    "<h2>Glossary</h2>\n",
    "\n",
    "| # | Term | Explanation |\n",
    "|---:|---|---|\n",
    "| 1 | Hypothesis test | A method for comparing observed data with a stated chance model. |\n",
    "| 2 | Null hypothesis | The baseline claim tested against the data. |\n",
    "| 3 | Alternative hypothesis | The competing claim suggested by the research question. |\n",
    "| 4 | Test statistic | A numeric measure used to summarize evidence. |\n",
    "| 5 | Observed statistic | The test statistic computed from the actual data. |\n",
    "| 6 | Null distribution | The distribution of a test statistic assuming the null hypothesis is true. |\n",
    "| 7 | P-value | The probability, under the null model, of evidence at least as extreme as observed. |\n",
    "| 8 | Significance level | A cutoff used to decide whether a p-value is small enough to reject the null. |\n",
    "| 9 | Reject the null | Conclude that the observed evidence is inconsistent with the null model. |\n",
    "| 10 | Fail to reject | Decide that the data do not provide enough evidence against the null model. |\n",
    "| 11 | One-sided test | A test where the alternative points in one direction. |\n",
    "| 12 | Two-sided test | A test where the alternative allows differences in either direction. |\n",
    "| 13 | Simulation | Repeated random trials used to approximate a distribution. |\n",
    "| 14 | Random assignment | Assigning units to groups by chance. |\n",
    "| 15 | Chance model | A model describing what outcomes would look like under randomness alone. |\n",
    "| 16 | Statistical significance | Evidence judged unlikely under the null model. |\n",
    "| 17 | Practical significance | The real-world size or importance of an effect. |\n",
    "| 18 | Type I error | Rejecting a true null hypothesis. |\n",
    "| 19 | Type II error | Failing to reject a false null hypothesis. |\n",
    "| 20 | Inference | Using sample data to reason about a broader process. |\n",
    "| 21 | Decision rule | A rule for converting statistical evidence into an action. |\n"
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   "source": [
    "<h2><a href=\"overview.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" style=\"color: var(--pst-color-link, #176de8);\">Chapter Overview Slides</a></h2>\n"
   ]
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